墨爾本原稱” Naarm “
在歐洲人殖民范迪門斯地
Van Diemen's Land 47年後，
1835年設立，
1837年更名為墨爾本，
以紀念英國首相墨爾本子爵。
此城市最早的原住民由
Wurundjeri, Bunurung ( Bunurong ）
和Wasauron三個民族組成。
居住於現在的雅拉河畔與菲利普島。
英國政府於1803年制定殖民地法案，
並在沙利文灣規劃菲利普港區，
但是這一規劃在制定後即被放棄數月。
1835年5月至6月間，
約翰•彼特曼在位於現在的墨城市中心
與北區籌組「菲利普港口協會」，
並與當地原住民部落領袖 Wurundjeri 酋長
商量，達成了一項600,000畝的
土地的永久交易計劃。
隨後約翰•彼特曼選擇了位於雅拉河北岸的
一片廣大土地，
表示將建設成一個大型的村落。
之後他與大部分菲利普港協會成員
返回位於塔斯馬尼亞州。
同時，另外一個由約翰貝霖領導的協會
抵達同一地點，並建立新的居住地。
兩個不同的協會開始為這片土地的
所有權產生爭議。
1835年8月30日，兩個協會達成
共同分享的和平協議，
而此前由菲利普港口協會與原住民
所達成的交易被取消，
由新南威爾斯州政府給予菲利普港口協會
適當的補償。
定居者可以任意地選擇該區域的
任何位置定居，
政府亦開始接受來自英國的新定居者，
並准許在此建立新的城市。
墨爾本於1835年正式建城。
1840年全城人口有1萬人，
最早的城市移民來自英國的自由民眾。
墨爾本於1847年獲維多利亞女王授予
城市地位，其後設立的維多利亞首府。
1850年，殖民者在墨爾本周邊發現金礦，
使其快速發展，
來自世界各地的大批人口紛紛移民至，
其中包括英國、愛爾蘭、德國、
義大利、荷蘭、中國等。
墨爾本是澳大利亞東南部
維多利亞州的首府。
聯邦廣場是市中心的一個
文化遺址，雅拉河岸邊熱閙非凡。
在南岸區，墨爾本藝術區設有
墨爾本藝術中心，表演藝術中心，
還有澳大利亞和原住民藝術的
維多利亞國家美術館。
墨爾本市
有許多維多利亞式建築。
也有典型的哥德式建築。
新式與古老建築同時矗立於市中心，
呈現另類古今對照的城市風格。
還有義大利風格的建築
和德國後裔雲集區域的
德式風格建築。
墨爾本有南半球的「教堂之城」
之美譽，城內存在大量維多利亞
時期遺留下的各式大教堂。
墨爾本的市民極具文化涵養。
城市在建築、文化、藝術、時尚、
餐飲美食方面都處於澳洲，
乃至世界的前沿。
是南半球最多藝術家雲集之地。
許多聞名的文化及藝術活動
每年都會在此地舉行。
2008年獲得英格蘭羅浮堡大學的
全球化與世界級城市研究小組與網絡評為
「第一YO級世界都市」
2011至2017年連續七年名列第一。
2022年至今是《經濟學人》
選出世界最佳宜居的城市。
在墨爾本，
我感受到多元文化主義
成為澳洲人生活的一環。
文化風格的轉變與歷史意識的轉變
有關連，經過長期討論而發展，
也是來自澳洲本身經驗的反省。
澳洲原住民( Aboriginal Australians)
與澳洲主流社會的關係，
有著痛苦的歷史經驗。
直到20世紀
60年代及70年代間
澳洲發展出新的文化觀念。
一種以澳洲經驗為核心，
重新審視澳洲所在的地理位置，
檢討澳洲與亞洲的關係，
從而放棄長期以來為 人所詬病的白澳政策。
採取多元文化政策。
走向族群和解。
接受澳洲原住民的文化，
在澳洲文化認同中有重要地位。
澳洲採行了多元文化主義之後，
澳洲原住民的文化傳統，
反而成為澳洲文化發展獨特性的內涵。
現在澳洲原住民的文化，
成為澳洲文化表現的元素之一，
處處都感受到原住民文化的特色。
在此轉變之中，
澳洲逐漸建立自己的獨特文化。
亞洲移民的多元文化，
以及澳洲原住民本身的獨特性，
也是重要因素。
雖然有不同的文化，
卻都有澳洲本地經驗的內涵。
今日的澳洲文化有其獨特的個性。
1988 年澳洲白人移民赴澳二百周年紀念，
澳洲政府對國家主義的觀念理論
發表聲明 :
「 澳大利亞
是誠摯的原住民與非原住民的國民之間
尋求「和解」的國家。
是多元、而非單一文化的國家。
公共生活中很少男女差異的國家。
由民族的網絡所建構成的國家，
而非由截然的邊界和領土主權
所界定的國家。
是泛太平洋的亞洲國家，
而並非「西方」國家。
具有高度文化意識的國家，
並藉由文化想像界定國家共同體。」
徜徉在青青草原，
世界另一端還籠罩在冰天雪地，
這𥚃已是春暖花開好時光。
和風飄送淡淡的麥香。
Melbourne, originally known as " Naarm “
was established in1835.
47 years after the European colonisation of Van Diemen's Land.
In 1837, it was renamed Melbourne.
In honour of the British Prime Minister, the Viscount Melbourne.
The earliest Aboriginal Australians
were composed of the three ethnic group :
Wurundjeri, Bunurung ( Bunurong )
and Wasauron
in this city lived on the current Yarra River
and Phillip Island.
The British government enacted the Colonial Act in 1803 and planned the Phillip Harbour area in Surlivan Bay, but this plan was abandoned for several months after it was made.
From May to June 1835,
John Batman was located in the city centre of Melbourne
organised the "Philip Port Association" with the North District and discussed with the local Aboriginal tribal leader, Chief Wurundjeri,
achieved a 600,000 mu of land,
permanent transaction plan.
John Batman chose a vast land on the north of the Yala River.
It means that it will be built into a large village.
After that, he and most of the members of the Port Phillip Association returned to the Tasmania base in Tasmania.
At the same time, the other one was by
John Bellin.
The leading association arrived
at the same place.
And established a new place of residence.
So far, two different associations have begun to dispute the ownership of this land.
On August 30, 1835, the two associations reached a shared peace agreement.
The previous transaction between
the Philip Port Association and the
Aboriginal Australians was cancelled,
and the New South Wales government
gave the Philip Port Association appropriate compensation.
At this point, settlers can choose any location in the area to settle down.
The government also began to accept new settlers from the United Kingdom.
And it is allowed to build new cities here.
Melbourne was officially founded in 1835.
In 1840, the population of the city was 10,000.
The earliest urban immigrants came from the free people of United Kingdom.
Melbourne was granted
city status by Queen Victoria in 1847 and later established the Victoria capital.
In 1850, the colonists found gold mines around Melbourne and made it develop rapidly, and a large number of people from all over the world migrated.
These include the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany,
Italy, the Netherlands, China, etc.
Federation Square is one in the city centre.
Cultural sites are extraordinary on the banks of the Yala River.
In the South Bank District, Melbourne Arts District has the Melbourne Art Centre.
There is a performing arts
centre, Australian and Aboriginal art.
Also National Gallery of Victoria.
There are many Victorian buildings
in the city of Melbourne.
also have typical Gothic buildings.
The new style and the ancient architecture stand at the same time.
Presenting an alternative urban style of ancient and modern contrasts.
There are also Italian-style buildings.
And German-style architecture
In the area with German descendants.
Melbourne has the "City of Churches"
in the southern hemisphere
with a good reputation.
All kinds of large churches left over from Victorian period.
The citizens of Melbourne are highly culturally reculsed.
The city is in Australia in terms of architecture, culture, art, fashion and catering.
Even the frontier of the world.
It is the place where the most artists gather in the southern hemisphere.
Many well-known cultural and artistic activities
It is held in Melbourne every year.
Won the Research Group on Globalisation and World-class Cities at the University of Fort Louvre in England 2008
And the network is rated as
"First YO World City"
Seven consecutive years from 2011 to 2017 It ranks first.
Since 2022, Melbourne has been selected by 《The Economist 》
the most liveable city in the world.
In Melbourne,
I feel multiculturalism
become a part of Australian life.
The change of cultural style is related
to the change of historical consciousness, which is developed after long-term discussion.
It is also a reflection on Australia's own experience.
The relationship between Aboriginal Australians and mainstream Australian society has painful historical experience.
Until the 20th century
during the 1960s and 1970s
Australia has developed a new cultural concept.
A historical view centred on Australian experience.
Development, re-examine Australia's geographical,
location, review Australia's relations with Asia, and give up what has long been criticised white Australia policy.
Adopt a multicultural policy.
The deep reflection of Australian society,
towards the position of ethnic reconciliation.
Accept the culture of Australian Aboriginal people,
it has an important core position in Australian cultural identity.
After Australia Adopted multiculturalism,
on the contrary, the cultural tradition of Australian Aboriginals has become the core of the uniqueness of Australian cultural development.
Nowadays,
the culture of Australian Aboriginals
become one of the elements of Australian cultural expression.
The characteristics of Aboriginal culture are felt everywhere.
In this transformation, Australia has gradually established its own unique culture.
The multiculturalism shaped by Asian immigrants,
and the uniqueness of the Australian Aborigines themselves,
It is also an important factor.
Although there are different cultures,
but it all have the connotation of Australian local experience.
Today's Australian culture has its own unique personality.
In 1988, in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of white Australian immigrants to Australia, the Australian government issued a statement on the concept theory
of nationalism :
「 Australia
is a country that sincerely seeks "reconciliation" between indigenous and non-indigenous nationals.
A country of diversity rather than a single culture.
There are few differences between men
and women in public life.
A country built by a national network,
not a country defined by diametric borders and territorial sovereignty.
It is an Asian country in the Pan-Pacific, not a "Western" country.
A country with a high degree of cultural awareness,
and define the national community through cultural imagination. 」
Wandering in the green grassland.
The other side of the world is still in freezing,
here is a good time for spring to bloom.
Warm breeze sends a faint wheat fragrance.
